Turkey Religion Essay Example For Students

Turkey Religion Essay Religion Islam is a monotheistic religion practiced by Muslims. They believethat Allah gave revelations to the Prophet Muhammed through the Angel Gabrielaround A.D. 600. Jesus Christ and the prophets of the New Testament are acceptedas Islamic precepts. During their rule of the Ottoman Empire, Islamic lawsdictated the way of life for the Turks. In 1924 with the new republicgovernment, Islamic Law was abolished as a state religion. The governmentremoved religion from public policy and restricted it exclusively to personalfaith. This led to the abolishment of the religions hierarchy and the closingand confiscation of the lodges, meeting places and monasteries as well asoutlawing their rituals and meetings. We will write a custom essay on Turkey Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The government restricted religious publicattire for men and women as well as trying to substitute Turkish words forArabic words of Islamic origin. This was a swift and harsh attempt at change.During the 1940s there was a relaxation of some political controls and by the1950s people wanted to return to traditional religious practice. In factstarting in the 1950s religious education was made compulsory in secondaryschools and in 1982 it was extended to primary schools as well. A lot of thecontroversy that followed was found in the universities. Female studentscommitted to Islam began to cover their heads and necks with scarves and longovercoats. This lead to the regulations in 1987, forbid female students to covertheir heads in class. Protests by other religious students and professorsoverturned the dress code in the 1990s. Today, a Turkish womans dress hasbecome the center of much debate. (Bollag,B., January 8, 1999). The Muslimreligion accounts for 99% of the population in Turkey. Non-Muslims religionsinclude: Christians, Protestants and Jews. The members of these religionsusually reside in a single area and are very small in number.

Sex and the City TV Show Quotations

Sex and the City TV Show Quotations A perfect play on words, Sex and the City quotes are full of witticisms and unabashed humor.  Here is a refreshing collection of Sex and the City quotes for good coffee-time reading.   Great Quotes From Sex and the City Charlotte: I just know no matter how good I feel about myself, if I see Christy Turlington, I just wanna give up.Miranda: Well I just want to tie her down and force feed her lard, but thats the difference between you and me.Carrie: [to Big] Were so over we need a new word for over.Miranda: Im sorry, if a man is over thirty and single, theres something wrong with him. Its Darwinian. Theyre being weeded out or propagating the species.Detective: You Irish?Miranda: No, why?Detective: Coz you have beautiful red hair.Miranda: Well I guess anybody can be Irish with the right colorist.Carrie: There are 1.3 million single men in New York, 1.8 million single women, and of these more than 3 million people, about 12 think theyre having enough sex.Carrie: I like my money where I can see it - hanging in my closet.Miranda: Whatever happened to aging gracefully?Carrie: It got old.Carrie: When it comes to relationships, maybe we’re all in glass houses, and shouldn’t throw stones. Becaus e you can never really know. Some people are settling down, some are settling and some people refuse to settle for anything less than butterflies. Samanthas terrified to get an AIDS test...Samantha: What if I have it?Carrie: You dont have it.Samantha: Sometimes it takes me a really long time to get over a cold.Carrie: Thats not AIDS, thats central air conditioning.Samantha: Im a try-sexual. Ill try anything once.Miranda: Theyre starting to die on us.Charlotte: Oh my god.Samantha: Well at least you werent stood up.Miranda: 35 and theyre dying. We should just give up now.Carrie: Well, on the bright side, this could explain why they dont call back.Samantha: Hmm.Charlotte: How did he... ?Miranda: Heart attack.Samantha: Oh.Miranda: At the gym.Carrie: See, this is why I dont work out.Miranda: My marriage is going through a rough spot. I dont have time to wax!Samantha: [Upon seeing a firefighter stripper] Hello, 911. Im on fire!Carrie: Maybe some women arent meant to be tamed. Maybe they just need to run free until they find someone just as wild to run with.Mr. Big: Nice dress.Carrie: Meaning?Mr. Big: Nice dress.Carrie: [after hearing Big is moving to Napa, California] If your tired of New York you take a napa, you dont move to Napa! Charlotte: [On seeing the tacky floral arrangement at Mirandas mothers funeral] They were supposed to say Im sorry, I love you not Youre dead, lets disco!.Samantha: [to the girls] I think I have monogamy. I caught it from you.Carrie: Yes, its airborne.Charlotte: I was a teen model when the Ralph Lauren store opened in New Haven.Miranda: Okay, it was amazing that I could keep my lunch down just now.Miranda: Wow! A guy who doesnt want to get married! Film at eleven!Charlotte: So, which church does his mother go to?Carrie: Park Avenue Presbyterian.Charlotte: Good church! Its one of the best on the east side!Carrie: What, are you rating churches? Is there a Zagat guide for that?Miranda: Four stars. Great bread; disappointing wine selection. Carrie:  Now Ive laid down a gauntlet. He either has to say I love you back or I guess Im going to have to break up with him.Charlotte:  Well, how long are you going to give him?Carrie:  Well, I didnt put an expiration date on the sentiment, but I figure its got the shelf life of a dairy product. Its going to start to curdle in about a week.Duncan:  Im just one of those weird male aberrations who  prefers  to be married. I like stability, I like routine. I like knowing  theres  people waiting for me at home. I guess that makes me sound pretty dull.Miranda:  Are you kidding? Youre the heterosexual holy grail.Carrie:  So what type of movies do you compose for?Patrick:  Really bad ones. You know, the I Screamed When I Knew What You Did Last Summer on Elm Street type.Samantha:  You know, women dressing like men is very popular right now.Carrie:  And here I thought it was Pokemon.Steve:  Oh come on, I want a baby. It would be fun.Miranda:  Its not like owning a foosball table, Steve.Aidan:  Dont take this the wrong way but this place could use a little work.Carrie:  I know, but I cant afford it.Aidan:  Youve got eight thousand bucks worth of shoes over there.Carrie:  I needed those! Miranda:  (looking at a bride magazine)  Ooh! Cute purse!Charlotte:  No purses! Theres no time for purses! This is gown-specific!Miranda:  Whats your theme again? A Nazi wedding?Carrie:  Id like to think that people have more than one soulmate.Samantha:  I agree! Ive had hundreds.Carrie:  Yeah! And you know what, if you miss one, along comes another one. Like cabs.Charlotte:  I promise I wont become one of those mothers who can only talk about diaper genies.Carrie:  Good.Samantha:  What the hell is a diaper genie?Carrie:  I dont know... someone you hire to change a kids diaper?Samantha:  These fast food apple pies are surprisingly delicious!Carrie:  I know! Why would anybody go to the trouble of making one when you can buy one that is so perfect and individually sized?A performance artist is starving herself and refusing to speak while on public display.Aleksandr:  You dont think its significant?Carrie:  Oh please! There are depressed women all over New York doing the exact same thing as her and not calling it art. I mean, if you put a phone up on that platform, its just a typical Friday night waiting for some guy to call. Samantha:  (on not getting hired because shes a woman)  What does he think Im gonna do? Get my period and ruin his empire?!FBI Agent, to Samantha:  Maam, can you undo your cuffs so we can use ours?Miranda:  He has to get baptized and wear a dress.Carrie:  Babys first drag show!Carrie:  Ooh! I forgot about the washer and dryer! Ive been dreaming about that my whole New York life!Samantha:  Whos the farmer with the dells?Carrie:  Young MacDonald?Samantha:  Oooh! E-I-E-I-O!Guy:  This floors  non smoking!Carrie:  I have an addiction, sir!Carrie:  It was a typical downtown male mix. Ten percent Wall Street, ten percent real estate, and ten percent Samantha had already slept with.Charlotte:  I proposed myself!Carrie:  What?Charlotte:  Yes. I suggested he have a tomato salad, then I suggested we get married.Carrie:  Wait. What exactly did he say?Charlotte:  Alrighty!Carrie:  Alrighty?  He said  alrighty? Now Im thinking the upsetting thing isnt that you proposed, its that you proposed to a guy that says alrighty.Charlotte:  Oh, Carrie, stop!Carrie:  Alrighty. Charlotte:  ...you shouldnt be talking like that at all, Samantha, its rude and politically incorrect.Carrie:  Sweetie, a reminder: Samantha is rude and politically incorrect.Miranda:  Shes an equal opportunity offender.Miranda:  You double-booked?Carrie:  How do you conceive pulling this one off?Charlotte:  Early dinner with bachelor number one, late supper with bachelor number two.Samantha:  My god, youre turning into a man!Carrie voiceover:  Apparently Charlotte had done more than just break a pattern. She had actually changed genders.Charlotte:  I just dont know how Im going to eat two dinners in a row.Carrie voiceover:  And just like that, she was a woman again.Big:  I never really thought about it.Carrie:  Oh come on. Everybody wonders what happens after you die.Big:  Im too busy wondering whos dinging my car in the garage.Carrie:  If you keep talking like that Im going to have to charge you by the minute.Anthony on his cell:  Charlottes wedding dr ess stylist Sorry, thought it was my Mother. FIFTEEN phone calls to make sure I get her the cheapest possible sheets from Bed, Bath and Friggin Beyond! Carrie:  And then I realized something, twenty-something girls are just fabulous, until you see one with the man who broke your heart.Charlotte:  Trey, you have a boner... I cant discuss my notes if you have a boner.

Americans Are from Mars and Europeans Are from Venus Essay

Americans Are from Mars and Europeans Are from Venus - Essay Example In fact, the factors that create the sort of distinctions talked about are varied and different. However, geopolitical differences stand out as one of the most exceptional factors to consider when comparing various continents. This is because various continents have held themselves up with different and highly distinctive geopolitics over the years. It can be seen for instance that when describing a Black American and a typical African, there may be very little biological distinctions to make but the geopolitics of the various continents these two people live on would make a lot of difference in distinguishing one from the other. In this essay, therefore, the difference that exists between Europeans and Americans from a geopolitics point of view is critically analyzed. Background to Geopolitics From a broader perspective, geopolitics is a relational terminology that correlates politics with territory. This is to say that it deals with how group of people in a particular or given plac e go about their politicking based on factors that has to do with their geographic location. In this regard, the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies (2012) notes that â€Å"the term geopolitics reflects the connection between power and interests, strategic decision-making, and geographic space.† Geopolitics, therefore, has to do with systems that consolidate â€Å"interplay of natural resources, strategic dominance and geographic space on one hand, and the various state and non-state actors pursuing individual as well as collective interests on the other† (Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2012). In making their geopolitics stand out, therefore, it is expected that a particular continent or identity of people would take strategic decisions that encompass a reflection of their beliefs and interests in relation to where they find themselves geographically. There is no denying the fact that when mention is made of powerful countries; a lot of attention is given to the political influence of that country in relation to other nations in question. It is for this reason that countries and in some cases a collection of nations (continents) take decisions that give them consolidated and robust political standing in the midst of other nations. Taking such decisions, however, ought to be based on geographic variables that includes geographic location, topography, size, population, climate, technological developments, as well as availability of resources – both natural and artificial (Evans and Newnham, 1998). Major geopolitical differences The major geopolitical differences that exist among different people of the world, particularly between Americans and Europeans, have taken a lot of intellectual and contextual twist over the years. The differences in geopolitics have become common agenda for debate at various platforms of academic practice, as well as global institutional seminars, conferences and meetings. The reason for this turn of e vent is very simple and has been explained by the SPIA Research (2011) that since political theory is constantly in flux and geographical theory is also in flux, there will always be intellectual and contextual challenges that Geopolitics must address. As far as the

American Trade and Imperialism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American Trade and Imperialism - Research Paper Example ing this period, America started to influence the cultural, military, social, political, and economic nature of other nations that enabled America to expand its power and influence to foreign territories. Various factors led to the emergence and adoption of the American imperialism policy. These factors include the Spanish-American war where America sought the independence of Cuba by compelling Spain to withdraw from Cuba. The American need to annex Hawaii due to its immense natural resources and arable lands also fostered American imperialism. The American push for an "Open Door" trading policy in China that allowed America to have equal trading rights in China and the American quest to participate in international trade also led to American trade and imperialism. American imperialism led to various effects on America, its colonies, and other European nations. Such effects have been consistent and significant throughout the centuries. This paper addresses the political, economic, mi litary, cultural, and social influence of American trade and imperialism on America and other foreign nations. Since the early 1990s, the American economic interest had been superseding the American belief in democracy. Before the early 1990s, America had been opposing imperialism for many years. In simple terms, American imperialism relates to the political, economic, social, or cultural influence of the U.S on other foreign nations (Hobson 1). The influence emanating from this policy enabled America to participate in international trade and expand its power into powerless nations like Cuba. It is worth noting that the American need to become a dominant force in international trade and global affairs prompted America to disregard its democratic capitalism system of governance and focus on its economic interests (Hawkins 1). It is clear that the American imperialism began between 1870 and 1916 subject to distinct factors that equally led to the successful adoption of this policy. For

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Supply chain management - Essay Example Moreover, the research also addresses other fundamental concepts such as the procedures which precede the decision to invest in capital equipment and required services, whether to undertake measures that are associated with strategic outsourcing and an explanation of the legal issues and local and international contract disputes which are faced by the company. History and Background of the Organization Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) was founded in 1939 by Stanford University students Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard (Hewlett-Packard 2013). Since, its inception in a Palto Alto garage the primary objective of the business was built on the foundations of promoting a distinct within the industry. According to Hewlett-Packard (2013), the first product that was built by engineers, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard was an audio oscillator which provides assistance to sound engineers. Eight samples of the company’s first ever creation were bought by Walt Disney Studios for their project, Fanta sia. The product line by HP broadly includes Personal Computer systems (PC’s), printing & imaging (inkjet and printing), and enterprise services (software & services, and accessories & networking) (Hewlett-Packard 2013). The company sells high quality laptops, desktop computers, tablets, monitors, servers, storage systems, handheld devices, printers, toners, ink, softwares, and networking accessories. Among its services are consultation, outsourcing, infrastructure, applications and other technological services (Reuters n.d.). The Organization’s Supply Chain Management Efforts According to the International Business Blog, HP organizes its company based on product departmentalization (McEntee 2010). That is, it has three main product departments including Personal Computer systems, printing and imaging, and enterprise services. The organization chart for HP found on the Cogmap website shows Leo Apotheke as the CEO, president and Chairman of the HP company with nine Exec utive Vice Presidents (EVP’s) below it handling the different departments including technology solutions group, human resources, imaging and printing, personal systems group, and so on (2013). Below the EVP’s are the SVP’s (Senior Vice Presidents) after which come the VP’s (Vice Presidents) and then the GM’s (General Managers). Charlie McMurty is the SVP for supply chain and Randy Salley is the SVP for Information Technology (IT) and supply chain systems. To deal with supply chain issues after facing rising inventory and customer dissatisfaction in the late 1980s, HP called an internal consulting group known as SPaM (Strategic Planning and Modeling) consisting of industrial engineers and management scientists to solve problems regarding supply chain (Lee & Billington 1995). The supply chain of HP’s computational and other products included the production of integrated circuits, board assembly, final assembly and delivery. The initiative of i mproving supply chain issues was first started by the 1990 CEO of HP, John Young (Lee & Billington 1995). The company had a very diverse product line and therefore inefficiencies could occur anywhere along the chain. The first step was the identification of the problem. The shipment of supplies could be delayed or the supplies could be

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society There are obvious outgrowing numbers of gays and lesbians communities in our country and all over the world. People become increasingly engaged into homosexual affiliations. Many variables influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. These variables are changes in biological processes, relationships and community interactions. The level of acceptance between gays and lesbians has changed over the years. The researchers would like to determine the level of acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the factors that lead to the acceptance of society between gays and lesbians. This study identified the variables and factors influencing and may affect the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the factors that lead to the acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. Specifically, it sought to determine the following: What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: age? sex? civil status? religion? educational attainment? What are the attitudes and behaviours of gays and lesbians which contributes to the level of acceptance of the society? What are the factors that influence the emergence of being homosexual individual? What are the challenges faced by lesbians and gays on the acceptance of the society? How the respondents are reacting to communities of gays and lesbians? Significance of the Study The study has significance to gays and lesbians, as they will be aware of the level of acceptance of the society to them and the factors that contribute to the willingness of the society towards them. To the parents, that they will be aware of the condition of their children, as the findings were presented to them, they will be encouraged to improve their views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. To the society, that they will be aware of the happenings to the homosexual based on their opinions, beliefs, and views, as they give it in relation to their acceptance and may find ways to improve the level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Scope, Delimitations Limitations of the Study The respondents of this study include 25 lesbians, 25 gays, 25 parents of either lesbian or gay, and 25 individuals who have gay/ lesbian friends. They will be asked regarding attitudes and behaviours of homosexuals which contribute to their level of acceptance in the society. They will be given chances to give their opinions, views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. Definition of Terms The terms included in the research paper will be defined to facilitate understanding of the study. Lesbian. Homosexual woman; the condition in which a woman is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another woman. Gay. Homosexual man; the condition in which man is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another man. Homosexuality. The condition of being sexually attracted, covertly, or overtly, by members of ones own sex. Society. Organized and interdependent community. Morality. Degree of conformity to moral principles. Acceptance. Willingness to accept. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter includes discussion on related literature and studies both foreign and local, which provides relevant facts about the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. It also aims to determine the level of acceptance from past to present. Foreign Studies On the study conducted by the researchers at the Kaiser Family Foundation entitled Inside- out : A report on the Experiences of Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals in America and the Publics Views on Issues and Advices Related to Sexual Orientation. The are two national public opinion surveys: one, to gather information on the experiences of seslf-identified lesbians, gays and bisexuals: and the second to gauge the general publics attitudes towards this group and their views on key policy issues related to sexual orientation. They did it to determine where the public really stands. Researchers found out that large majority of self-identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals believe that there is more acceptance today compared to a few years ago. One third from their respondents say that their family or a family member has refused to accept them. According to the research, lesbians are more likely to report not having been accepted by their families. It was found out that majority of the general public reports knowing someone who is gay, lesbian or bisexual believes that there is more acceptance of lesbians and gays today compared to a few years ago. Most say that greater acceptance is either good for the country or does not matter one way or the other. The majority also believes that homosexual behavior is a normal part of some peoples sexuality. Individuals age 65 and older those with a high school education or less and those who do not have lesbian and gay co-workers, friends or family members are least likely to have accepting attitudes towards lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. Religious affiliation also has significant effect on attitudes and level of acceptance. Overall, the public is increasing accepting gays and lesbians in the society. On the study conducted by Elizabeth Mehren entitled Homosexuals finding more Acceptance. Poll says states that gays and lesbians have experienced a dramatic rise in acceptance over the last two decades, according to a new Los Angeles Times Poll-2004. In ltwo Los Angeles Times polls in the mid- 1980s and other data from the same era, the level of sympathy toward gays and lesbians was half what it is today. Researchers found out that gay people in general are feeling more comfortable in society and society is feeling more comfortable with gay people. The study revealed that 62 percent say their community accepts gays and lesbians. Based on the survey conducted by the members of the Public Agenda Organization entitled Ambivalence and Mixed Messages, acceptance of gays and lesbians has risen significantly, and currently about half of Americans say homosexuality should be an acceptable lifestyle. Survey questions about whether American society should accept homosexuality often draw different responses depending on the examples mentioned which is an indication of public ambivalence. Questions that raise the issue of fair treatment typically draw much higher levels of public support. For instance, substantial majorities of Americans say they support equal protection for homosexuals against hate crimes and equal rights in terms of housing and jobs. surveys show that slight majorities say a gay person could be a good role model and as good a parent as anyone, yet they are divided on whether they would allow a homosexual to baby-sit their child and half say they oppose allowing gay couples to adopt. The survey conducted by the faculty staff of The University of Arizona entitled Equitys 1992 Campus Climate Report was aimed to investigate the climate for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals on campus. Majority of their sample comprised of heterosexuals. They allow their respondents to rate in the scale of 1-10 on every question. As a result, majority placed 8 to 10 range on the level of acceptance with the women expressing high level of acceptance than men. Respondents employment status had no significant impact on the acceptance scale, with no major differences surfacing among faculty, staff, and graduate students. They also asked if their religion influences their views on homosexuality; seventeen percent of the respondents marked yes. But not only religion appeared to influence people toward negative views. A series of items asked respondents to characterize the level of respect shown for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals by others in their department, specifically their immediate superv isor, co-workers, department head, and students. All in all, the responses to questions about respect levels in departments reveal that the immediate environment for gay, lesbian, and bisexual members of the University is not a particularly good one, but that department heads and supervisors show generally higher levels of respect than co-workers and students. Justin J. Jagosh, in his thesis entitled Moving toward understanding and acceptance: Parents experiences after finding out their children are gay, lesbian, and bisexual aimed to explore how the parents will accept their childs sexuality. Through qualitative inquiry, 12 Canadian parents (7 mothers and 5 fathers) were interviewed to develop an in-depth analysis of their thoughts, feelings, and actions in relation to having gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. He found out that parents went through a process of understanding and acceptance, in which they made sense of past experiences they had with their children, reacted emotionally to finding out, changed their perspectives on issues, and shared their experiences with others. There are still hindering factors but with the strategies suggested in which researchers, educators, health professionals, media personnel, parent support groups, and parents themselves can use like some mentioned above, it will not be difficult for parents to un derstand and accept their gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. Foreign studies On the book overview of Lesbian, Gay and bisexual identities and youth by Anthony R. OAngelli, Charlotte Patterson explore the psychological dimentions of lesbian, gay and bisexual identities from puberty to adulthood. There are changes in biological processes, relationship and community interactions influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. The article, Chasing the Rainbow; Is a Gay Population an Engine of Urban Revival? Cities are beginning to think so by Richard Florida sees that openness to the gay community is a good indication of the low entry barriers to human capital that are so important to spurring creativity and generating high-tech growth. The homosexuality represents the last last frontier of diversity in our society, and thus a place that welcomes the gay community welcomes all kinds of people. Also an article in New Zealand by the LGBT organization on that country which is entitled A Civil Union Ceremony in Wellington last December 20006 states that New Zealand society is generally fairly relaxed in acceptance of gays and lesbians. The gay-friendly is epitomized by the fact that there are several Member if Parliament who belong to the LGBT community, gay rights are protected by the New Zealand Human Rights Act. And New Zealand is relatively small population. The LGBT community is small, but still visible, with Pride festivals and LGBT events held around the country throughout the year. Local Literature J. Neil C. Garcia in his book Philippine Gay Culture: The Last Thirty Years, Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM tackles the perception of Filipinos to gays and lesbians from the last thirty years. The anxiety of Western civilization toward its many different genders- not just masculine and feminine-finds its fecund expression in the varieties of camp (butch/femme) and transvestisms (macho, queer, transvestophilic, transgenderist, etc.) which, over the last century, have come to be institutionalized as legitimate self-expressions within the gay and lesbian cultures of the United States, Europe and Australia, This anxiety is deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian metaphysical tradition which, until recently, was a rather inexorable force in the Western subjects life. On the other hand, this study has argued that the Philippines has its own dualist tradition in respect of sexual identity, and although it would seem that the effeminate bakla and the mannish tomboy attest to the fluidity of g ender concepts and roles in our culture, at the level of desire they merely reinforce the babae and the lalake, whose pale reflections they are. Rafael cannot be farther from the truth when he ascribes to kabaklaan the parodic and self-reflexive character which it doesnt (yet) possess. As things stand, the dominant conception of the bakla identity strictly confines the bakla to an agonistic effeminacy (a poor copy of femininity). In fact, the masculine bakla is simply unthinkable. He therefore must be a closet case, or a double-dealing fraud (silahis). Suffice it to say, then, that at the core of the social construction of the bakla is coreness itself. As a recent ethnography reiterates, the bakla is a man with a womans heart who, like a real woman, deeply desires a real man to be happy. The silence of local psychological institutions in the early sixties about homosexuality and homosexual counseling seems strange, given that globally, the problems of adolescent homosexuals never fail to make it in the agenda of any conference on juvenile mental health (for only obvious reasons). By the rest of the 1960s, as well as the early seventies, however, this situation had palpably changed, and homosexuality was made to belong under the aegis of psychological science, as may be proven by the existence of positivist works on it which were written around this time. (A partial listing of the sundry academic studies on homosexuality in the Philippines is included in the last section of this book). The consequence of this is the renewed and intensified medical psychopathologization of the bakla as inversions homosexual: a man whose psychological being does not coincide with his anatomic sex. Only this time, his sexuality has become the central defining feature of his by now psycho sexually inverted identity. He concluded that the bakla is the only kind of (male) homosexual Philippine culture has, relatively speaking, known; and therefore also the only (male) homosexual Philippine culture has discriminated against and/or dismissed as sick, deviant and sinful-as bakla, precisely. Any local text proclaiming itself gay or homosexual cannot help but relate itself to and to situate itself within kabaklaan, hence. CHAPTER 3 Methods and Procedure Research Methodology The researcher used descriptive method in the study. Descriptive method of research is a fact finding study with sufficient and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current condition, situation practices, or any phenomena. Since the study is concerned in the Analysis on the acceptance of the society between gays/lesbians. Subjects of the Study The researchers chose 100 respondents divided into four categories. These composed of 25 gays, 25 lesbians,25 parents of gays or lesbians and 25 individuals who have gays or lesbians friends. The Sampling Technique The researchers used simple random sampling and the size of the population is 200 and the study of population is people who have known a friend or any related of gay and lesbians also the respondents and the parents. Sample: 25 respondents 25 gays 25 lesbians 25 parents Those 25 to sum up of 100 is from the population of 200 and was chosen by simple random sampling. Procedure of Data Gathering The researchers used in the method of collecting data is normative survey, researchers used this for its very effective and looking for the commonalities of the said subject. This would be the best and most appropriate method to use in data gathering. Statistical Treatment of Data The role of the statistical treatment of data in research. The researchers is considering much in the age and gender also their state of consciousness and the rationality and also the emotion are being needed through the research.

Essays --

Sex- Based Migration in Black Bears (Ursus americanus) Introduction: Ursus americanus, the American black bear is the most common of the world’s bear species, about up to twelve times more abundant than grizzly or brown bears. They usually occupy forested areas but their habitats are highly variable— from the Louisiana Bayou to the Labrador Tundra, and the Northwestern rain forests in between. (Wilson & Ruff, 1999) American black bears are hunted legally seasonally due to their widespread population and distribution. However, with the increase in deforestation for industrialization in the Tri-State (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania) area, the habitat loss could have adverse effects on the black bear populations. An interference with their natural territory could lead to alteration in the dispersal patterns. (Dixon, Wooten, McCown, Oli, Eason, & Cunningham, 2007) Black bears are omnivorous and although a part of their diet consists of meat and insects, they primarily rely on fruits and nuts for their diet. Therefore, a plant’s annual cycle of fruiting is tied to a bear’s annual behavior and its physiological cycle. (Wilson & Ruff, 1999) Bears tend to congregate and gather in an area with an abundance of food and occasionally return time and again to areas with ease of access to foods- like dumpsters. (North American Bear Center) Despite this, black bear dispersal is not reliant on local food shortages in population densities that have been observed. (Rogers, 1987) There are other factors influencing the dispersal and migrations of black bears which have been studied. Urus americanus are not known to monogamous and mate promiscuously. (Rogers, 1987) Males mate with more than one female and disperse more, sometimes looking for oth... ... cubs will be expected to be found closer to or at their initial home range. If however, a larger number of female bear’s DNA is collected farther than their home ranges, it could imply that previous studies bases solely on observation or mark and recapture methods were inaccurate due to the limited populations that were sampled. An observation of this nature could imply that sows dispersed farther in search for new mates or safer dens for their cubs rather than males who were expected to wander away. More likely though, this observation could be an exception to the rule or just flawed collection and processing techniques. Providing that the study conducted is not faulty, it will supply important information regarding dispersal patters of the American black bear. Even the data gathered in the course of this study can be used for further research on Ursus americanus.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 11

She's what?† Keller said, coming out of the bathroom, toweling her hair. â€Å"She's sick,† Winnie said. â€Å"Runny nose, little temperature. Looks like a cold. Her mom says she has to stay home from school.† Well, it looks like we're having a run of good luck, Keller thought. It would be much easier to protect her inside the house. Winnie and Nissa had spent the night in Diana's room, while Keller, who was supposed to be asleep on the sofa bed in the family room, wandered the house in between catnaps. She'd asked Galen to stay in the guest room, and he had done just that. â€Å"We can have a quiet day,† she said now to Winnie. â€Å"This is great-as long as she gets well for Saturday.† Winnie grimaced. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Um-you'd better go in and talk to her yourself.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"You'd just better go. She wants to talk to you.† Keller started toward Diana's room. She said over her shoulder, â€Å"Check the wards.† â€Å"I know, Boss.† Iliana was sitting up in bed, wearing a frilly nightgown that actually seemed to have a ribbon woven into the lace at the neck. She looked fragile and beautiful, and there was a delicate flush on her cheeks from the fever. â€Å"How're you feeling?† Keller said, making her voice gentle. â€Å"Okay.† Iliana modified it with a shrug that meant fairly rotten. â€Å"I just wanted to see you, you know, and say good-bye.† Keller blinked, still rubbing her hair with the towel. She wasn't crazy about water, especially not in her ears. â€Å"Say good-bye?† â€Å"Before you go.† â€Å"What, you think I'm going to school for you?† â€Å"No. Before you go.† Keller stopped toweling and focused. â€Å"Iliana, what are you talking about?† Tm talking about you guys leaving. Because I'm not the Wild Power.† Keller sat down on the bed and said flatly, â€Å"What?† Diana's eyes were that hazy iris color again. She looked, in her own way, as annoyed as Keller felt. â€Å"Well, I thought that was obvious. I can't be the Wild Power. I don't have the blue fire-or whatever.† She tacked the last words on. â€Å"Diana, don't play the dumb blond with me right now, or I'll have to kill you.† Diana just stared at her, picking at the coverlet with her fingers. â€Å"You guys made a mistake. I don't have any power, and I'm not the person you're looking for. Don't you think you ought to go out and look for the real Wild Power before the bad guys find her?† â€Å"Diana, just because you couldn't stop that car doesn't mean that you don't have power. It could just be that you don't know how to tap into it yet.† â€Å"It could be. You're admitting that you're not sure.† â€Å"Nobody can be absolutely sure. Not until you demonstrate it.† â€Å"And that's what I can't do. You probably think I didn't really try, Keller. But I did. I tried so hard.† Diana's eyes went distant with agonized memory. â€Å"I was standing there, looking down, and I suddenly thought, I can do it! I actually thought I felt the power, and that I knew how to use it. But then when I reached for it, there was nothing there. I tried so hard, and I wanted it to work so much†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Diana's eyes filled, and there was a look on her face that struck Keller to the heart. Then she shook her head and looked back at Keller. â€Å"It wasn't there. I know that. I'm certain.† ‘It has to be there,† Keller said. â€Å"Circle Daybreak has been investigating this ever since they found that prophecy. ‘One from the hearth that still holds the spark.' They've tracked down all the other Harmans and checked them. It has to be you.† â€Å"Then maybe it's somebody you haven't found yet. Some other lost witch. But it's not me.† She was completely adamant and genuinely convinced. Keller could see it in her eyes. She had managed to vault back into denial in a whole new way. â€Å"So I know you'll be leaving,† Iliana went on. â€Å"And, actually, I'll really miss you.† She blinked away tears again. â€Å"I suppose you don't believe that.† â€Å"Oh, I believe it,† Keller said tiredly, staring at an exquisite gold-and-white dresser across the room. â€Å"I really like you guys. But I know what you're doing is important.† â€Å"Well, is it okay with you if we just hang around for a little while longer?† Keller asked heavily. â€Å"Just until we see the light and realize you're not the Wild Power?† Iliana frowned. â€Å"Don't you think it's a waste of time?† â€Å"Maybe. But I don't make those decisions. I'm just a grunt.† â€Å"Don't you treat me like a dumb blond.† Keller opened her mouth, lifted her hands, then dropped them. What she wanted to say was, How can I help it when you're determined to be such a nincompoop? But that wasn't going to get them anywhere. â€Å"Look, Iliana. I really do have to stay until I get orders to go, all right?† Keller said, looking at her. â€Å"So you're just going to have to bear with us for a little while longer.† She stood up, feeling as if a weight had fallen on her. They were back to square one. Or maybe not quite. â€Å"Besides, what about Galen?† she said, turning back at the door. â€Å"Do you want him to go?† Diana looked confused. Her cheeks got even pinker. â€Å"I don't†¦ I mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If you're not the Wild Power, you're not the Witch Child,† Keller went on ruthlessly. â€Å"And you know that Galen has to promise himself to the Witch Child.† Iliana was breathing quickly now. She gulped and stared at the window. She bit her lip. She really is in love with him, Keller thought. And she knows it. â€Å"Just something to keep in mind,† she said, and went out the door. â€Å"Did you get any info on the license plate?† Nissa shook her head. â€Å"Not yet. They'll call us when they have anything. And a courier brought this.† She handed Keller a box. It was the size of a shirt box but very sturdy. â€Å"The scrolls?† â€Å"I think so. There are wards on it, so we have to get Winnie to open it.† They had a chance after breakfast. Mrs. Dominick took the baby and went out shopping. Keller didn't worry too much about her. Just as Jaime was now being watched by Circle Daybreak agents, any members of Iliana's family who left the safety of the wards would be followed for their own protection. They sat around the kitchen table-except for Iliana, who refused to join them and sat in the family room in front of the TV. She had a box of tissues, and every few minutes she would apply one to her nose. â€Å"Before you open that,† Keller said to Winnie, â€Å"how are the wards around the house?† â€Å"They're fine. Intact and strong. I don't think anybody's even tried to mess with them.† Galen said, â€Å"I wonder why.† Keller looked at him quickly. It was just what she had been wondering herself. â€Å"Maybe it has something to do with what happened yesterday. And that's the other thing I want to talk about. I want to hear everybody's opinions. Who was in that car-Night Person or human? Why did they try to run over Jaime? And what are we going to do about it?† â€Å"You go first,† Winnie said. â€Å"I think you had the best view of it.† â€Å"Well, I wasn't the only one,† Keller said. â€Å"There was someone else beside me.† She looked toward the living room. Iliana made a show of ignoring her completely. Keller turned back. â€Å"But anyway, simplest first Let's say the car was from the Night World. They cruised down the street in front of the school once before coming back. It's perfectly possible that they saw Iliana standing at the window. Maybe they were trying to determine for sure that she was the Wild Power. If she'd stopped the car, they'd have had solid proof.† â€Å"On the other hand,† Nissa said, â€Å"they must be pretty sure she's the Wild Power. After all, it's really beyond question.† She was looking earnestly at Keller, but she spoke loudly enough for Iliana to hear everything distinctly. Keller smiled with her eyes. â€Å"True. Okay, more ideas. Winnie.† â€Å"Uh-night.† Winnie sat up straighter. â€Å"The car was from the Night World, and they weren't actually trying to run over Jaime. They were going to snatch her because they somehow knew she'd been with us, and they figured she might have some information they could use.† â€Å"Nice try,† Keller said. â€Å"But you were over by the door. You didn't see the way that car was driving. No way they were planning to grab her.† â€Å"I agree,† Galen said. â€Å"They were going too fast, and they were heading right for her. They meant to kill.† Winnie dropped her chin into her hands. â€Å"Oh, well, fine. It was just an idea.† ‘It brings up something interesting, though,† Nissa said thoughtfully. â€Å"What if the car was from the Night World, and they knew Iliana was watching, but they weren't trying to get her to demonstrate her power? What if they were just trying to intimidate her? Show what they were capable of, by lolling her friend right in front of her eyes? If they knew how close she and Jaime were-â€Å" â€Å"How?† Keller interrupted. â€Å"Lots of ways,† Nissa said promptly. â€Å"If they haven't snooped around that high school and talked to other kids, their intelligence system is worse than I think. Ill go farther. If they don't know that Jaime was in that music room with us yesterday at lunch, they ought to turn in their spy badges.† ‘If that's true, then maybe it's even simpler than we think,† Galen said. â€Å"The law says that any human who finds out about us has to die. Maybe the car was from the Night World, and they didn't know that Iliana was watching-or they didn't care. They thought Jaime knew the secret, and they just wanted to carry out a good, old-fashioned Night World execution.† â€Å"And maybe the car wasn't from the Night World!† Iliana yelled suddenly, jumping off the family room couch. She wasn't even pretending not to listen anymore, Keller noted. â€Å"Did any of you ever think of that? Maybe the car just belonged to some crazed juvenile delinquents and it's all a massive coincidence! Well? Did you think of that?† She stood with her hands on her hips, glaring at all of them. The effect was somewhat diluted because she was wearing a frilly nightgown with a flannel robe over it and slippers with teddy bear heads on them. Keller stood up, too. She wanted to be patient and make the most of this opportunity. But she never seemed to have much control where Iliana was concerned. â€Å"We've thought of it. Circle Daybreak is trying to check on it-whether the car's registered to a human or a Night Person. But you're asking for a lot of coincidence, aren't you? How often do people deliberately run each other over in this town? What are the chances that you just happened to be watching when one of them did it?† She felt Galen nudge her ankle with his foot. With an effort, she shut up. â€Å"Why don't you come over here and talk with us about it?† he said to Iliana in his gentle way. â€Å"Even if you're not the Wild Power, you're still involved. You know a lot about what's been going on, and you've got a good mind. We need all the help we can get.† Keller saw Winnie glance at him sharply when he said the bit about Iliana having a good mind. But she didn't say anything. Iliana looked a little startled herself. But then she picked up the box of tissues and slowly came to the kitchen table. â€Å"I don't think well when I'm sick,† she said. Keller sat down. She didn't want to undo what Galen had accomplished. â€Å"So where does that leave us?† she asked, and then answered her own question. â€Å"Nowhere, really. It could be any of those scenarios or none of them. We may need to wait for whatever Circle Daybreak comes up with.† Keller looked around the table grimly. â€Å"And that's dangerous,† she said. â€Å"Assuming it was the Night World that sent that car, they're up to something that we don't understand. They could attack us at any moment, from any direction, and we can't anticipate them. I need for all of you to be on your guard. If anything suspicious happens, even the fittest thing, I want you to tell me.† â€Å"It still bothers me that they haven't even tried to get in here,† Galen said. â€Å"No matter how strong the wards are, they should at least be trying.† Keller nodded. She had an uneasy feeling in the pit of her stomach about that. â€Å"They may be laying some kind of a trap somewhere else, and they may be so confident that well fall into it that they can afford to wait.† â€Å"Or it could be that they know I'm not the one,† Hiana chimed in sweetly. â€Å"And they're off kidnapping the real Wild Power while you guys are wasting your time here.† She blew her nose. Keller gritted her teeth and felt a pain in her jaw that was getting familiar. â€Å"Or it could be that we just don't understand dragons,† she said, possibly with more force than was necessary. She and Diana locked stares. â€Å"You guys, you guys,† Winnie said nervously. â€Å"Um, maybe it's time we opened this.† She touched the box Circle Daybreak had sent. Diana's eyes shifted to it with something like involuntary interest. Keller could see why. The box had the mysterious allure of a Christmas present. â€Å"Go ahead,† she told Winnie. It took a while. Winnie did witchy things with a bag of herbs and some talismans, while everyone watched intently and Diana mopped her nose and sniffled. At last, very carefully, Winnie lifted the top of the box off. Everyone leaned forward. Piled inside were dozens and dozens of pieces of parchment. Not entire scrolls but scraps of them, each encased in its own plastic sleeve. Keller recognized the writing†-it was the old language of the shapeshifters. She'd learned it as a child, because Circle Daybreak wanted her to keep in touch with her heritage. But it had been a long time since she'd had to translate it. Diana sneezed and said almost reluctantly, â€Å"Cool pictures.† There were cool pictures. Most of the scraps had three or four tiny illustrations, and some of them had only pictures and no writing. The inks were red and purple and deep royal blue, with details in gold leaf. Keller spread some of the plastic sleeves across the table. â€Å"Okay, people. The idea is to find something that will show us how to fight the dragon, or at least something to tell us how he might attack. The truth is that we don't even know what he can do, except for the black energy he used on me.† â€Å"Um, I can't read this, you know,† Diana pointed out with excessive politeness. â€Å"So look at the pictures,† Keller said sweetly. â€Å"Try to find something where a dragon is fighting a person-or, even better, getting killed by one.† â€Å"How do I know which one's the dragon?† It was an amazingly good question. Keller blinked and looked at Galen. â€Å"Well, actually, I don't know. I don't know if anybody knows how to tell a dragon from another Night Person.† â€Å"The one in the mall-Azhdeha-had opaque black eyes,† Keller said. â€Å"You could tell when you looked into them. But I don't suppose that's going to show up on a parchment like this. Why don't you just look for something with dark energy around it?† Iliana made a tiny noise that in someone less delicate would have been called a snort. But she took a pile of the scraps and began poring over them. â€Å"Okay,† Keller said. â€Å"Now, the rest of us-â€Å" But she never got to finish. The phone on the kitchen wall shrilled. Everyone glanced up toward it, and Iliana started to stand, but there was no second ring. After a long moment of silence, it rang again-once. â€Å"Circle Daybreak,† Keller said. â€Å"Nissa, call them back.† Keller tried not to fidget as Nissa obeyed. It wasn't just that she was hoping against hope that there was useful information about the car. For some reason she couldn't define, that very first ring of the phone had made her feel unsettled. The early warning system of the shapeshifters. It had saved her life before, by giving her a hint of danger. But for what was about to happen now, it was entirely useless. â€Å"Nissa Johnson here. Code word: Angel Rescue,† Nissa said, and Keller saw Diana's eyebrows go up. â€Å"Yes, I'm listening. What?† Suddenly, her face changed. â€Å"What do you mean, am I sitting down?† Pause. â€Å"Look, Paulie, just tell me whatever-â€Å" And then her face changed again, and she did something Keller had never seen Nissa do. She gasped and brought a quick hand up to her mouth. â€Å"Oh, Goddess, no!† Keller's heart was pounding, and there was a boulder of ice in her stomach. She found herself on her feet without any memory of standing. Nissa's light brown eyes were distant, almost blank. Her other hand clutched the receiver. â€Å"How?† Then she shut her eyes. â€Å"Oh, no.† And finally, very softly, â€Å"Goddess help us.†

Police Trauma Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve

Police Trauma Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve Introduction Police Trauma Police officers usually encounter traumatic experiences in the course of their duties that usually predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Since many police officers are unaware of consequences of traumatic experiences, they find themselves in depression, battling with suicidal feelings, plunging into alcoholism and losing their families.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Police Trauma: Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Clair (2006), the trauma that police officers experience is proportional to critical incidents that they encounter in the course of their career (p.29). Hence, traumatic experiences, which police officers endure for many years in the course of their profession, have a severe impact on their physical, emotional, and mental health because they ultimately predispose them to depress ion, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Although there are multi-therapeutic approaches of alleviating the impact of traumatic experiences among police officers, lack of awareness or insufficient awareness make many police officers endure traumatic experiences that subsequently affect their physical, emotional and mental health. Therefore, there is a need to identify factors that predispose police officers to trauma so that they can seek appropriate therapy after experiencing traumatic events to reduce susceptibility to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Problem Statement Police officers encounter traumatic experiences in the course of their career that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Police profession is normally stressful because police officers often encounter traumatic experiences that have a significant impact on their physical, emotional, and mental health. For police officers to fulfill their responsibilities of policing, they must endure and cope with traumatic experiences that they encounter. Normally, traumatic experiences have a cumulative effect, and Clair (2006) argues that, critical incidents have a cumulative effect in causing trauma, for police officers cannot habituate traumatic experiences that they often experience (p.30). Thus, trauma that police officers have is proportional to traumatic experiences that they have encountered throughout the period of their career in policing. Trauma has a negative impact on physical, emotional, and mental health of police officers, yet many do not realize it because they are unaware of how traumatic experiences affect them. Since traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of the family, it is imperative that police officers should identify their traumatic experiences so that they can seek appropriate therapy to alleviate the physical, emotional , and psychological impact of the trauma.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives of the Study The objective of the study is to explore the traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career, with the view of identifying risk factors that predispose them to trauma. Since traumatic experiences that police officers encounter have a cumulative effect in causing trauma, the study seeks to identify risk factors that cause trauma among police officers. In this view, the study will establish if the experiences that police officers undergo are proportional to trauma that cause negative impact on physical, emotional, and psychological health. Given that the trauma, which police officers experience, determines their susceptibility to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family, the study will establish if affected individuals s ought any therapy to alleviate the impact of trauma in their lives. Marmar et al. (2006) assert that, individual differences among police officers determine their susceptibility to trauma and related consequences; thus, early intervention is critical to alleviate the impact of trauma (p.2). Given that several factors mediate the impact of trauma on police officers, the study will identify these factors with the objective of enabling police officers seek therapy when they experience critical incidents. Hypotheses The study hypothesizes that, most police officers are suffering from trauma that emanates from experiences of critical incidents and has predisposed them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family because they do not seek therapy. Lack of awareness or insufficient awareness of consequences of trauma has made many police officers endure traumatic experiences that ultimately result into depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Thus, the study further hy pothesizes that identification of risk factors of trauma can enable police officers to seek therapy in time and avert predisposition to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of a family, which are consequences of untreated trauma. Scope of the Study The study will explore traumatic experiences that police officers encounter during their professional duties. Since the study hypothesizes that, the trauma, which police officers endure in the course of their duties predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of family, the study will identify factors that cause trauma among police officers. To determine the impact of trauma on police officers, the study will assess the prevalence of depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. The study will also explore if police officers are aware of consequences of trauma, and the available therapeutic approaches that they use in alleviating impact of trauma in their lives.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Police Trauma: Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although trauma has gender orientation, the study will not examine how trauma differentially affects male and female police officers. Thus, the study overlooks the fact that there is differential occurrence of trauma in terms of gender among police officers. Moreover, the study will only examine police officers within a single district since they are many and readily available to be subjects of study. Importance of the Study Study of traumatic experiences that predispose police officers to trauma and subsequently to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of the family is critical in understanding the physical, emotional, and mental health of police officers. Police profession is highly stressful since police officers often encounter traumatic experiences that affect their physical, emotional, and mental health. Hence, exploratio n of traumatic experiences is essential in unraveling causes and consequences of trauma that police officers encounter and endure in the course of their profession. According to Hasselt et al. (2008), trauma that police officers undergo during traumatic experiences impairs their judgment, thus making them not to function effectively in policing (p.134). Hence, it means that trauma does not only interfere with performance of police officers at work but also at their homes. Therefore, understanding of traumatic experiences can help police officers manage their trauma well and prevent predisposition to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Given that therapeutic interventions can effectively alleviate the impact of trauma on police officers, exploration of traumatic experiences in terms of depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of the family will give an insight into grave consequences associated with trauma. Kgalema (2002) indicates that, police officers often interfa ces with victims and perpetrators of crimes, which predispose them to critical incidents that trigger trauma, hence require awareness of trauma and effective skills of managing trauma (p.1). Thus, the study will increase awareness of trauma among police officers because it identifies traumatic experiences that predispose police officers to trauma and highlight subsequent effects such as depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Therefore, if police officers can identify critical incidents and become aware consequences of trauma, they will seek therapeutic intervention in time to avert physical, emotional, and mental consequences of trauma in their lives. Literature Review Introduction Police profession is one of the most stressful and dangerous career because police officers constantly encounter traumatic experiences that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of family. Thus, literature review indicates that, police officers normally endure traumatic experiences, but they have a cumulative effect, which eventually results into trauma.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics indicates that the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among police officers is significantly high as compared to its prevalence in the general population. According to Hasselt et al. (2008), the prevalence of PTSD among police officers range from 13% to 34% depending on state and region where police officers work (p.134). Variability in prevalence of PTSD is due to differences in traumatic experiences such as crimes, natural disasters, and accessibility to therapeutic interventions. Thus, literature review examines how traumatic experiences and PTSD predispose police officers to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family with the objective of identifying risk factors of trauma. Depression The traumatic experiences that police officers encounter and endure, during the course of their duties, make them susceptible to depression. Depression is a psychological disorder that occurs mainly due to the traumatic experiences of life. Since police officers frequently encounter traumatic experiences, they contribute to high incidences of depression among police officers signifying that trauma causes depression. According to Green (2004), prevalence study carried out in UK shows that about 13% of the law enforcement officers experience trauma (p.1). The prevalence rate of 13% is about six times more than prevalence rates of the general population. The study further confirms that, the prevalence rates of trauma are higher in officers who have more experience compared to those who have little experience in police due to the cumulative effect of traumatic experiences. Therefore, it means that trauma and stressors that are inherent in police profession contribute significantly to depression of police officers. Leeds (2009) contends that, traumatic experiences of police such as frequent shootings, fears of an unknown enemy, risk nature of the job, witnessing ordeal, and negative perceptions of public usually depress police officers (p. 4). All these stressors and traumatic experiences are potential causes of depression that make police officers susceptible to depressive trauma. Police profession is emotionally stressing and physically dangerous thus elicits depressive feelings that make police officers be prone to depression. Sanford (2003) argues that, stressors that police officers encounter and endure change personality of officers by causing anger, cynicism, and depression (p.17). Police training attempts to suppress police emotions to enhance their resilience and endurance to critical incidents, but traumatic experiences normally have long-term effect due to the cumulative effect of trauma. Hence, police officers can only endure traumatic experiences up to a point in life where they trigger overwhelming depressive feelings that cause depression. Although police officers may tolerate many traumatic incidences such as witnessing the death of fellow police officer or ordeal of criminals, after a certain period such memories resurface and elicit depressive moods. This illustrates that traumatic experiences associated with policing cumulatively increase susceptibility of police officers to depression. Suicide Traumatic experiences of police officers predispose them to suicide since many police officers commit suicide when they cannot longer manage their trauma. Police profession is not only dangerous but also strenuous emotionally and psychologically because police officers often encounter traumatic experiences such as violence, murder, disasters, and accidents, which cause emotional and psychological disturbances. Brown (2003) debates that, police suicide is a significant problem in police service because suicide claims twice the number of police officers who die in the line of duty (p.7). Deaths due to suicide may be more than the number in reports because many cases are unreported to avoid stigmatization of the bereaved and enable families to claim benefits. Thus, in the United States suicide is a significant cause of death among police officers. Police officers normally commit suicide due to complex of problems that aggravate trauma that they already have due to traumatic experiences of their career. Problems such as financial difficulties, alcoholism, relationship issues, accessibility to dangerous weapons and traumatic experiences compel police officers to commit suicide when they overwhelm their emotional and psychological control. However, since general population also experience some problems that are similar to the ones police officers are grappling with, suicide rates of police officers double that of the general population. Thus, it implies that traumatic experiences of police officers significantly contribute to high rates of suicide reported in police service. According to Brown (2003), when trauma overwhelms police officers, they feel that the only way to overcome challenges in life is by committing suicide (p.2). Hence, suicide is the last resort that polic e officers choose in the face of challenges related to their profession. Alcoholism Given that police officers are enduring traumatic experiences, they opt to abuse drugs such as alcohol to overcome challenges of life. Usually, when people experience problems in life, they resort to drug abuse or alcoholism as means of calming their stress and trauma that seem to overwhelm them. Boyce (2006) argues that, prevalence of alcoholism among police officers is twice that of the general population because trauma predisposes them to abuse drugs (p.2). Traumatic experiences are an integral part of police profession, and such experiences cause trauma, which compels police officers to drink alcohol as a way of relieving trauma and stress associated with policing. Comparatively, police profession is the most demanding and stressful career for police officers cannot endure without abusing drugs or seeking therapy. As many police officers cannot seek therapy to alleviate the impact of trauma that they have, they drink alcohol and abuse other drugs. Since alcohol is readily available and is legal, police officers who have trauma prefer to drink rather than to seek help from friends, family, or psychotherapists. According to Marmar et al. (2006), in the United States, about 10% of police officers are alcoholics while about 15% have experienced adverse effects of alcohol in their lives (p.8). Prevalence of alcoholism among police officers is high relatively to the general population because trauma that they have predispose them to alcoholism. Ellison (2004) argues that, although alcohol reduces frustrations and stress in a police officer, it also increases the potential of causing violence given that police officers can access deadly weapons (p.60). Thus, traumatic experiences contribute to stress and frustration of police officers and predispose them to alcoholism. Loss of family Police officers constantly encounter and endure traumatic experiences in the course of their profe ssion, which ultimately affect the stability of their families. When police officers experience overwhelming trauma, they become violent to not only fellow officers, but also to their own families. Sanford (2003) explains that, family members are usually victims of violence because police officers at times direct their anger to them due to trauma (p.11). During times of trauma, families are not at peace because traumatized police officers come home in a violent mood. Constant violence in the family results into divorce or separation because one of the spouses can no longer endure the ordeal in the marriage. Hence, many families of police officers hardly live in peace because traumatic experiences of policing affect relationships and cause breakage of marriages. Given that police profession does not offer police officers ample time to interact with their families, it contributes to high rates of divorce among police officers. Boyce (2006) contends that, police officers experience hig h rates of divorce compared to the general population because of extended hours of work, unpredictable shift rotations, and traumatic experiences (p.10). Traumatic experiences of a spouse make family live under constant fear of violence. Even though other stressors may strain marriage relationships of police officers, traumatic experiences of policing significantly contribute to high rates of separation and divorce among polices officers. Conclusion Thus, the literature review confirms that police officers encounter and endure traumatic experiences in the course of their career that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. In this view, the study will conduct research to identify traumatic experiences or critical incidents that predispose police officers to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of a family, which are consequences of untreated trauma. Methodology Introduction Since the objective of the study is to explore traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career with the view of identifying risk factors that predispose them to trauma, the study assessed police officers in a given district. To establish dominant factors that cause trauma and subsequently predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family, the study surveyed traumatic experiences that police officers encounter and identify risk factors that significantly contribute to development of trauma. Research Design The research design of the study involves two groups of participants, novice, and veteran police officers. Novice police officers have less than two years experience in police service, while veteran police officers have more than two years experience in police service. Objective of using two groups of participants is to find out the relationship between professional experience and the level of depression, alcoholism, suicide, and loss of family. According to Kohli and Bajpai (2006), the level of dep ression among police officers is proportional to their professional experiences. (p.8). Therefore, to establish the extent of trauma due professional experience, the study examined the degree of depression, alcoholism, suicide, and loss of family among police officers. Sampling The study randomly selected 100 participants from a population of police officers in a certain district. Since the study involves two groups of participants, novice and veteran police officers, each group had 50 participants. The novice police officers are the ones who have less than two years experience in police service, while veteran police officers have more than two years of experience. The novice police officers served as a control group in determining the nature and extent of depression, suicide, alcoholism, and family loss among veteran police officers. Given that the researchers targeted various police stations within the district, they employed random method of sampling by ensuring that participants emanated from each police station. Thus, the study sampled 100 participants of police officers because the number could significantly represent police officers and enhance external validity of data required. Research Questions To obtain reliable and relevant data for the study, the researchers administered the following questions to the participants. 1. How many years have you served in police service? 2. Are you happy serving as a police officer? Why? 3. Have ever suffered from depression since you joined the police service? If yes, when did you experience it? 4. If you can suffer from depression, can you seek any therapy? 5. Have you ever encountered traumatic experiences in the course of your profession? 6. What critical incidents do you consider as traumatic experiences? 7. During the course of your profession, have you ever contemplated to commit suicide? 8. In face of overwhelming trauma, can you consider committing suicide? 9. What do you think is the main reason police offi cers commit suicide? 10. Do you abuse any drugs? Why? 11. Do you drink alcohol? Why? 12. Why do you think police officers drink alcohol? 13. Are you married? 14. How many years have you been in marriage? 15. How many children do you have? 16. Are you happily married? Why? 17. In the course of policing, do you feel any strain in your marriage? How? 18. Have you ever divorced you spouse? Why? 19. Have you ever separated with your spouse? Why? 20. Why do you think police officers separate or divorce? Collection of Data and Results The study employed qualitative method of research in collecting relevant data from police officers regarding traumatic experiences. Specifically, the study administered open questionnaires to police officers who provided essential data for research. Use of open questionnaires is appropriate for the study because police officers have the freedom to answer questions according to their varied characters and experiences in policing. Since the study targeted polic e officers in a given district, researchers administered questionnaires, inform of surveys, to police officers at their respective police stations. In enhancing reliability of data, the researchers prepared appropriate questionnaire that is remarkably straightforward in that, police officers can finish completing it within a short period. To collect relevant data in terms of questionnaires, researcher ethically considered that participants need informed consent concerning the study and assurance that information obtained from them is confidential. Prior to the collection of data, researchers made sure that the participants were in a sober mood to enable them complete their questionnaires sufficiently. Data Analysis The findings indicate that trauma that police officers gain in the course of their profession predisposes them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Concerning depression, the findings indicate that, most police officers, both novice and veteran, have su ffered from depression in the course of their profession. However, significant number of police officers cannot seek therapy because they are not aware of grave consequences of trauma. Since police profession is full of traumatic experiences, police officers considered shootings, brutal death of their colleagues, disasters, and violent crimes as some of critical incidents that predispose them to trauma. According to Stewart (2011), shooting is a critical incident in police service because police officers rarely experience it; thus, its occurrence predisposes police officers to trauma (p.7). Thus, to prevent critical incidents from causing trauma, police officers need to seek immediate therapy when they experience them in the course of their profession. Additionally, the findings confirmed that critical incidents cause PTSD among police officers that eventually predispose them to suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Analysis of data in questionnaires shows that about 10% of polic e officers have contemplated committing suicide due to trauma that they experience in their duties. The findings also indicate that, about 15% of police officers use alcohol to relieve stress and trauma, which they experience for they do not seek any form of therapy. Regarding marriage, the findings show that, a significant number of police officers have experienced separation or divorce because trauma makes them develop violent personality, which instill fears on their spouses. Mayhew (2001) argues that, burnout aggravates trauma among police officers since they have insufficient time to manage trauma, they lack support from fellow officers, and the police culture requires them to suppress emotional expression, which ultimately result into marriage breakdown (p.3). Therefore, presence of traumatic experiences and insufficient support coupled with inadequate awareness of consequences of trauma are responsible for development PTSD and related consequences among police officers. Concl usion The study has found out that traumatic experiences that police officers come across during the course of their profession have a cumulative effect. Since traumatic experiences have a cumulative effect, it is imperative for police officers to identify critical indents that predispose them to PTSD and subsequently make them susceptible to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. In this perceptive, the study identifies shooting, violent crimes, brutal death of fellow officers and disasters as some of the critical incidents that police officers experience. Thus, police officers need to seek therapy when they experience critical incidents to prevent the occurrence of PTSD and its consequences. References Boyce, J. (2006). Police Officers under Stress. Criminal Justice Institute, 1-19. Brown, P. (2003). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Law Enforcement. Criminal Justice  Institute, 1-19. Clair, M. (2006). The Relationships between Critical Incidences, Hostility, and P TSD Symptoms in Police Officers. Drexel University, 1-106. Ellison, K. (2004). Stress and the Police Officer. New York: Charles C Thomas Publisher. Green, B. (2004). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in UK Police Officers. Current Media  Research and Opinion, 20(1), 1-5. Hasselt, V., Sheehan, D., Malcolm, A., Sellers, A., Baker, M., Couwels, J. (2008). The Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS): Evaluation of Psychometric Properties. Behavior Modification, 32(1), 133-151. Kgalema, L. (2002). Victims Awareness and Trauma Management in Metropolitan Police Services. Center for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1-24. Kohli, K., Bajpai, G. (2006). A Comparative Study of Frustration, Depression and Deprivation among Trainee and Serving Police Officials. Indian Journal of Criminology and Criminalistics, 27(3), 1-16. Leeds, A. (2009). Police Officers’ Responses to Chronic Stress, Critical Incidents and Trauma. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 1-8. Marmar, C., McCaslin, S., M etzler, T., Best, S., Weiss, D., Fagan, J., Liberman, A., Neylan, T. (2006). Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 1-18. Mayhew, C. (2001). Occupational Health and Safety Risks Faced by Police Officers.  Australian Institute of Criminology, 1-6. Sanford, L. (2003). Critical Incident Stress and the Police Officer: A Pro-Active Approach. Allen Park Police Department, 1-36. Stewart, S. (2011). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Effect on Law Enforcement.  Camp Robinson Police Department, 1-19.

Can I Get an Alternate SAT Test Date

Can I Get an Alternate SAT Test Date SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Can’t make the test date you signed up for on the SAT? You're in luck! It’s possible to arrange an alternate test date for the following week, although it’s often easier to just switch to the next official test date. In this article you'll learn what constitutes an alternate test date, the criteria for requesting one, and how to submit your request. What Is an Alternate Test Date? Alternate SAT testing takes place during the week following any offical Saturday SAT test date. It's a recourse for students who don't want to switch their registration to the next official test date and have an unexpected conflict during the Saturday test session. In order to have a chance at snagging an alternate date, your request must be submitted at least ten business days in advance of the original test date. You may have to switch your test center location depending on the availability of proctors and how many other students are taking the test on the alternate date. You'll be notified of any changes by the College Board. What Arethe Criteria for Requesting an Alternate Test Date? There are pretty strict guidelines governing the process for requesting an alternate test date. This is necessary to prevent the testing process from turning into a free-for-all because no one wants to get up early on a Saturday morning. Here are the three criteria for submitting a request: 1. You Have an Unexpected and School-Sanctioned Conflict This includes things like finals for academic or athletic competitions. A common situation is that students have advanced through a competition and couldn’t have originally predicted that they would be competing on the date of the test. This doesn’t include conflicts like regularly scheduled school affiliated club meetings, athletic events, or prom.It also doesn’t include anything related to outside of school activities like recreational sports or those private music lessons you take to nurture your secret passion for jazz flute. 2. You Were Registered for the Test Date in Question Before You Knew about the Conflict This one should be a no-brainer.Hopefully, you checked your calendar before you registered and the conflict came up later! 3. You Requested No More than One Alternate Test Date This Year Prior to Your Current Request You only get two alternate test date requests per year. It's pretty unlikely that this issue would arise, but you should be aware just in case. If you really want to have fun with it, bring a snack that includes dates to your alternate test date. How Do I Request an Alternate Test Date? You, the student, cannot directly request an alternate test date. These requests must be made through a school official.Talk to your guidance counselor about your need for an alternate date. If everything checks out based on the criteria above, he or she can submit a request to the College Board.Keep in mind that your alternate date must fall within a week of the original test date, and your request must be submitted at least 10 business days before the original test date.Notify your guidance counselor of the conflict as soon as possible! You can also switch to a different official test date if taking the test later isn’t a problem for you.This doesn’t require going through a school official. Make the switch through your online College Board account or by calling Customer Service. The fee for switching to a different official test date is $28. A Word of Warning If you test on an alternate date, you may have delayed access to the online version of your essay.You also won’t be able to order the Question-and-Answer Service, although you will still be able to order the less in-depth Student Answer Service. The Question-and-Answer Service gives you full access to your test booklet along with a listing of all the question types and difficulty levels. It also gives you a breakdown of your answers and information about the scoring process for each question.This can be a very helpful tool for future studying. If you'd like to order it, stick with official test dates in May, October, or January. Other Alternate Testing Requests Here are some other potential reasons you might request alternate test dates and how the process works for each of them. Note that unlike regular requests for an alternate date, requests for Sunday testing and special location testing must be submitted with your original test registration! Sunday Testing If you can’t test on Saturday for religious reasons, you can put in a request to take the SAT on Sunday instead. This requires an official clergy letter that explains the religious observance that prevents Saturday testing.You must mail the letter on official letterhead from your religious institution along with your SAT registration no later than the registration deadline. For Sunday testing requests, use the code 01000 on your paper registration. Testing in a More Convenient Location You can request to test closer to where you live if the closest available testing center is more than 75 miles away.The College Board will set up a testing center that is more convenient for you and notify you of the new location.Again, you must mail in your registration for this request along with a letter of explanation of your circumstances. For a closer testing location request, use the code 02000 on your paper registration. Is this your house? Submit a closer location testing request, and the College Board will set up a test center near you. Also you should probably move before the ghosts start to get too rowdy. The Bottom Line Most reasons for requesting an alternate date are probably not going to pass the strict criteria outlined by the College Board. Your guidance counselor will help you figure out whether it's worth submitting a request for an alternate date. If it doesn't work out, you always have the option of switching to the next official test date. Make sure that when you sign up for the SAT you think ahead to what’s going on that weekend and mark it on your calendar so you can avoid putting yourself in this situation! What's Next? Looking to sign up for the SAT? This article will help you figure out your ideal SAT testing date! Also check out this article if it's your first time taking the test. If you have more questions about specialized testing requirements, here's some information onaccommodations for the SATand getting a fee waiver for SAT registration. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Samantha Lindsay About the Author Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Operation and Competition Situation of UK Oil & Gas Industry Essay

Operation and Competition Situation of UK Oil & Gas Industry - Essay Example The major rationale for selecting this industry however is that, regardless of its important place in UK’s economy, growth in the sector has not been steady in the last few years as seen in figure 1 below. The paper therefore tries to critique the cause and finds solutions from the perspective of selected companies. BP was selected to be a general representation of larger oil and gas companies whose daily production is beyond 1,000,000 barrels a day. On the whole, the rationale behind the selection of BP is the diversity and differences it offers in its business and marketing approaches as a large company. The selection of Cairn was for the reason of the fact that the company gave a perfect representation of smaller oil and gas companies whose daily production is below 35,000 barrels a day. The company also uses a focus strategic option, which makes it possible to compare this strategic option with other companies to determine its effects. As depicted in figure 2, it will be seen that in terms of production units, it can be said that the selection of Premier have been made based on medium market size with production above 35,000 barrels but less than 100,000 barrels. This is an important rationale to pursue, given the fact that the individual growth of these companies will turn out to be collective growth of the oil and gas industry in the UK (Ferguson, 2004). Gross profit margin: This is a type of profitability financial ratio that measures financial health by estimating proportion of money left over from the company’s revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold (COGS) (Weston, 1990). This gross profit margin is selected to determine how financially healthy the companies are, which is; Net profit margin: This is another profitability measure that determines how much each pound earned by the company is turned into profits (Houston and Brigham, 2009). This is selected in the study to

The Bernie Madoff Scandal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bernie Madoff Scandal - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that the Bernie Madoff Scandal was discovered by one of the Modoffs’ son when Madoff decided to pay up to $7 billion redemptions or bonuses upfront after showing the inability to pay investors. The sons demanded to know the source of the funds and father admitted that his asset management arm of his firm was actually being operated as a Ponzi scheme in which new investments covered returns from the existing or earlier investments and personal wealth. Upon discovering the fraud, the son did what the unexpected and took up the matter with the federal authorities leading to the arrest of Madoff. Madoff revealed that he had run the scheme for approximately 20 years since the early 1990s. It was discovered that over the years Mr. Madoff was actually using money from new investors to pay returns to old investors creating a pyramid resembling a previous scheme named after Charles Ponzi. Although Mr. Madoff was operating within hedge fund industry, his fund was not a hedge fund, but endowments and foundations after the hedge funds invested heavily with his company. Madoff’s strategy to pay old investors with funds obtained from new investors enables his firm to satisfy the high returns promised to investors despite failure by the old investments to generate any returns. Investors expected that their funds were invested elsewhere by the company to generate returns, but Madoff deposited all the funds in his business account at Chase Manhattan Bank. In order to hide the reality in his company, he creatively came up with false transactions involving falsified SEC filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission and foreign transfers year after year. Modoff’s fraud dealings also most surfaced in 1999 when Harry Markopolos, a financial analyst-whistleblower alerted the securities and commission that his gains were impractical in the financial situation.