Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio - Assignment Example They are a similar, and at the same time different aspect of assessing performance. Venn (2000) defines an assessment portfolio as a systematic collection of artifacts that uses a selection of work, measured against pre-determined scoring criteria, to evaluate a person’s skills, achievements and growth over a specified period of time. Student portfolios are designed with the main objective of efforts, achievements and progress of the students. Purposes Portfolios are used for various purposes. They provide a collection of student work that aids in assessing the quality of the past or ongoing performance of the student. Moreover, they help in demonstration of achievements that is essential to students as it helps them demonstrate the capability to master chief topics in a program. Design and Format Portfolios come in different formats and designs. The format to use is determined by the type of material included, intended use of the portfolio and the target audience. Regardless of the format, all portfolios must contain the name of the student, a brief introduction about the student, several pieces of work selected using criteria specified carefully and fields where progress in the selected work is recorded over a period of time. Students may also choose to give an explanation on the reasons behind the selection of the subjects as well as specify criteria for evaluating the quality of the work. Types of portfolios As discussed earlier, portfolios come in a variety of types depending on the kind of material included, intended use of the portfolio and the target audience. Danielson and Abrutyn (1997) suggest that there are three main types of portfolios; working, display and assessment portfolios. (a) Working Portfolios As the name suggests, it contains work in progress as well as finished work samples. It acts as a store for this work in progress that may be selected later on for a more permanent assessment. It is an intentional collection of work that is g uided by learning objectives and differs from a work folder. Its main audience is the student, guided by the teacher. (b) Display/ Showcase Portfolios This is among the most rewarding use of student portfolios and is used to display the best works of the students. The students and their teachers become committed to the process most when they exhibit their best work and infer the meaning. The core objective of this type of portfolio is to demonstrate the highest achievement level attained by the student. It may be maintained yearly with new work samples being added yearly to document growth. (c) Assessment Portfolios They are designed primarily to document what a student has learned and may be used to demonstrate the student’s mastery in a certain curricular area, the quality of the student’s work as well as the level of growth and effort, attitude and progress. The work selected for the portfolio is determined by the content in the student’s curriculum. Advantag es of assessment portfolios An assessment portfolio can have a lot of benefits to users when designed and implemented properly. The following are some of these benefits. (a) Promotes reflection, self evaluation and critical thinking among the students. (b) Provides flexibility when measuring how students achieve the set learning goals (c) Facilitates sharing of responsibility (among students and teachers) for setting goals and evaluating progress to meeting the set goals. (d) Provides a process for structuring

Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example Some areas of knowledge do require reason in order to functions, like mathematics and the natural sciences, while some others, like art and history, do not, because they are based on humans, which are, by nature, partly irrational. This inability to apply reason to all aspects of knowledge means that in order to get a better understanding of these areas, we must use different ways of knowing. (Wok). There are four Ways of Knowing (WoK) perception, emotion, reason, and language. One is supposed to use the Ways of Knowing and the Areas of Knowledge to acquire, perceive, and apply knowledge. To understand the world and to achieve knowledge, people have developed a number of ways of knowing. These are well known as perception, emotion, language as well as reason. The question "each and every other way of knowing are controlled by means of language" is a statement that needs more investigation as well as reflection. Knowledge can be said to be information that the brain has received that meets a certain set of criteria. When someone states that they know something they must also believe that, that something is so. A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetical value. In general a word will have a root or stem and zero or extra affixes. Words can be joint to make phrases, clauses, and well structured sentences. A word that consists of two or more stems combined together is known as a compound.

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay The group members of Learning Team D 3 took a DISC assessment test to determine their personality styles, strengths and weaknesses, and areas that need enhancement. The group members are (Antonia, Brenda, Matthew, Robin, Steven). The Professional Development Plan will give a description of the strengths, and weaknesses each personality styles, individualities each styles share, and characteristics that may cause conflict, and how each styles can work together for the betterment of the organization. As well as to show how I, the manager can improve my abilities to lead from each team member. The DISC assessment generated two personality types within the group: Cautious, and Dominance. Three out of the five members of the group including my-self are labeled as Cautious. The Cautious strengths entails independence, dependable, good listeners, ask numerous questions over critical information, and are good at follow-through, they want perfection, and tend to be tense with themselves and others when under pressure, they have a natural curiosity about people, and are concerned about what people expect, think, and feel, they have strong affections to their personal interests, undervaluing the time required to complete tasks, being intuitive and observant about situations and people, they tend to associate their self-worth with their work accomplishments, and are intrigued by concepts, ideas and processes. They are known for being assessors and tend to have strong opinions about people and groups with whom they do not agree or identify. Their weaknesses of Cautious are they tend to work at a slow pace, unlike The Dominance personality types who are goal-oriented, fast-paced, take authority, and willing to challenge outdated thinking and ideas. Dominance weaknesses are what make them stand out from Cautious personality type. Dominance is not afraid to bend the rules; they become annoyed with delays, and prefer to ask for forgiveness than ask for permission to make certain decision on assignments. In order for each group member to work together as a team; it is important to first understand each member’s strengths and weaknesses and utilize them as a tool for the group  to accomplish their goal. Evaluating the different personality types I’ve come to the conclusion that Dominance and Cautious types are similar in personality traits, they are both problem solvers, efficien t, productive, independent, and have the same sense of irritations. The only differences between these two types are the pace in which they choose to work. The Cautious style prefers to work at a slower pace whilst, the Dominance style prefers to work at faster pace. Subsequently, understanding each personality styles, the characteristics of each member, and what each group has in common. We now need to utilize each of these characteristics and use them as a tool to accomplish our goals. For example, if our group was working for a financial organization, the Cautious types would be best place in a Human Resources position or even in the Marketing department. Those positions require individuals that possess such traits as being detail oriented, independent workers, and follow-through on certain types of assignments. Dominance type would be greater in managerial positions, for they like to take charge, and are comfortable in a fast paced environment; they are willing to take on challenges head on, and don’t mind taking risks. In order for the organization to run smoothly all these positions need each other in order to become succes sful, and to work as a team. Even though my personality style is Cautious I feel a good leader is usually passionate about the organization and his or her work, exudes confidence in his or her abilities, can organizes and makes sense of complex situations, maintains high standards and inspires others to do the same, can motivate and inspire employees, and is generally looked up to as a person of vision (Hill, 2009). This is a quote I feel strongly about and would want to base my leadership style on. I agree with the whole statement it expresses, and feel I can be inspirational with my group and motivate them to accomplish our goals. As a leader, I look forward to learning the skills that are required in order to become a better leader/manager. The DISC assessment has shown the different characteristics each personality styles possess. There are numerous traits each type shared, and a few that could cause conflicts, we must learn that we are all different individuals who have different learning styles and traits, as a result, we much learn from each other in order to grow and become better individuals, and need to help each other to be better individuals whether in work or educational environment. It is imperative  that each group member have an understanding on how to rely on each other even though there is discomfort with the various types of personalities. My capability to lead the team will be based on my willingness to learn from each team member and to understand that we should work as a team and not as an independent person on a project. All of the information provided above plan will be supervised closely, with periodic meetings organized in order to allow employees to give their views, opinion and concerns about various topics, that way it will help to ensure that full compliance is being achieved. I believe it is imperative that regular (weekly) monitoring is performed to make sure that the organization stays on track on all assignments, and concerns are being discussed, this will help ensure the long term success of the organization, and recognizing each individual’s style, as well as their strengths, and weaknesses will permit a more personal and individualized approach taken in regards to team dynamics and goal achievement. Reference Alessandra, Tony, Ph.D., and Michael J. O’Connor, Ph.D. 1996. The Platinum Rule ®. New York, NY: Warner Books. DISC Test and DISC Assessment: Explained. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.discinsights.com/whatisdisc#.VBMXGGOEzSg Hill, C. (2009). NY Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/2.1353/ effective-leader-article-1.372028 Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational Behavior (15th ed.). : Pearson. University of Phoenix. (2014). DISC Assessments [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, LDR531 website.

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier Design  and  Implementation  of  FPGA  based  64  bit  MA Cunitusing  VEDIC  Multiplier  and  Reversible  Logic  gates ABSTRACT: Now a days in VLSI technology size, power, and speed are the main constraints to design any circuits. In normal multipliers delay will be more and the number of computations also will be more. Because of that speed of the circuits designed with the normal multipliers will be low and it will consume more power. This paper describes Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier and DKG reversible logic gates. The Vedic multiplier is designed by using Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra and the adder design is done by using reversible logic to perform high  speed operations. Reversible logic gates are also the  essential constraint for the promising field of Quantum computing. The Urdhava Triyagbhayam multiplier is used for the multiplication function to reduce partial products in the multiplication process and to get high concert and less area .The reversible logic is used to get less power. The MAC is designed using Verilog code, simulation,synthesis is done in both RTL compiler using Xilinx and implemented on Spartan 3e FPGA Board. KeyWords:MAC, Vedic multiplier, Reversible Gates I. INTRODUCTION Multiplication is the key in arithmetic operation and multiplier plays an important role in digital signal Processing. Unfortunately, the major source of power dissipation in digital signal processors is multipliers. In the past decade researchers developed multipliers with the help of CMOS logic which has all the disadvantages as discussed earlier. Therefore multipliers design for digital signal processing applications should be competent. So the proposed method is designed using pass logic principles, which shows improvements over CMOS designs. Pass logic principle based circuits are capable to accomplish superior performance in power, speed and area when implemented in VLSI[1]. Several case studies show that pass logic principle based design implements most functions with fewer transistors which reduces the overall capacitance than static CMOS; thus, resulting in low power and fast switching time. The Pass logic  standard based design is a capable, due to its better performance in power consumption, area and speed. thirty percent of the multiplier space is taken by the Booth encoder and selector logic [1-3]. So a improved design of Booth encoder and selector is essential. The main objective of this work is to design and implement new Booth encoders and selector logics which are hardware efficient and consequently power- aware.Various designs of these logic units are proposed in this work where the number of transistors needed are less when compared to previously designed units.The gate level implementations of these designs were tested for functionality using LoKon software gates (XNOR, XOR , NAND,NOR,AND,XOR-XNOR combination gate) and MUX used in these circuits were simulated and verified for functionality using TopSPICE. Due to the limitation in the numbers of transistor count in the TopSPICE, it was not capable to simulate the entire circuit in the transistor level. Further, these designs were used to build multiplier[2]. Multiplier is the need for higher word width for signal process applications. This design is scalable without any loss of merits. All the pass transistor circuits have been tested for fully restored voltage at the output[3]. Therefore, when these circuits are combined to form the whole multiplier voltage drop will not cause a problem. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Nareshnaik, SivaNagendra Reddy proposed Design of Vedic Multiplier for Digital Signal Processing Applications[1] .In this method design of adders is difficult and design may be complex and also its require more power. Anitha, Sarath Kumar proposed A 32 BIT MAC Unit Design Using Vedic Multiplier and Reversible Logic Gate design.In this paper they designed for 32 bit Multiplier.But most of the multipliers used in Digital signal processing applications 64 bit multipliers. So many researchers proposed many methods to design multipliers and adders.Among all the methods multiplier design with reversible logic gate design is the efficient method.In reversible gates also different reversible gate are available[4].Some researchers used Kogge stone Adders,some one used Toffiligates[5].DKG is the one of the gate used in the MAC design.This proposed method represents 64 bit MAC design using reversible logic gates. III. PROPOSEDMETHOD Multiply Accumulate (MAC) unit is designed by using Multipliers and adders both will be joined by an accumulate unit. The applications of MAC unit are Digital Signal Processors, microprocessors, and logic units and.MAC determines the speed and improves the performance of the entire system[6]. The proficient designs by MAC unit are Fast Fourier Transform(FFT/IFFT) ,Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Since, they are normally executed by inflexible application of multiplication and addition, the total system speed and performance depends on the speed of the addition and multiplication process speed in the system[7]. In most cases the delay in the architecture is due to the addition in parallel stages which we have to concentrate more to improve the speed. Finally we are going to compare our Vedic MAC unit with the Conventional MAC unit based on the parameters like Speed,area and power consumption[8]. A multiplying blockfunction can be conceded in threedifferent ways: conventional addition, partial product addition (PPA) and finally partial product Generation (PPG). The two bud vase materials that must be considered are raising the speed of MAC which is accumulator block partial and product reduction[9]. The 64 bit MAC design which will make use of Vedic multiplier and reversible logic gate can be accomplished in two stages. Firstly, multiplier stage, where a usual multiplier is replaced by Vedic multiplier using UrdhavaTriyagbhayam sutra from Vedic Mathematics.Multiplication is the primary operation of MAC unit. Speed, area, Power dissipation, consumptionand latency are the major concerns in the multiplier stage. So, to evade them, we will go for fast multipliers in different applications of DSP, networking, etc. There are mostly two major criterions that can possibly improve speed of the MAC units are sinking the partial products and because of that accumulator yoke is getting d ecreased. To perform the multiplication of N*N it requires approximately 2N-1 cross products of different widths and (log2N + 1) partial products. The partial products are obtained from Urdhava sutra is by Criss Cross Method. The maximum number of bits in partial products will lead to Critical path. The second part of MAC is Reversible logic gate. Loss of every bit of information in the computations that are not reversible is kT*log2 joules of heat energy are generated, where k is Boltzmanns constant and T the absolute temperature at which computation is performed. IV. DESIGN OF MAC ARCHITECTURE Fig 1: MAC Architecture The design of MAC architecture consists of 3 sub designs. Design of 64 X 64 bit Vedic Multiplier. Design of 128 bit DKG adder Design of Accumulator which integrates both multiplier and adder stages. Vedic Multiplier Vedic Mathematics is part of four Vedas  (books of wisdom). It is part of Sthapatya- Veda (book on civil engineering and architecture), which is an upa- veda (supplement) of Atharva Veda. Vedic Mathematics existed in ancient India and was revived by a popular mathematician, Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji. He divided Vedic mathematics into sixteen formulae(sutras). These formulae deal with Algebra, Analytical Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry etc. The ease in the Vedic mathematics sutras covers way for its application in several prominent domains of engineering like Signal Processing, VLSI and Control Engineering . 1) (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat 2) ChalanaKalanabyham 3) EkadhikinaPurvena 4) EkanyunenaPurvena 5) Gunakasamuchyah 6) Gunitasamuchyah 7) NikhilamNavatashcaramamDashatah 8) ParaavartyaYojayet 9) Puranapuranabyham 10) Sankalana- vyavakalanabhyam 11) ShesanyankenaCharamena 12) ShunyamSaamyasamuccaye 13) Sopaantyadvayamantyam 14) Urdhva-tiryakbhyam 15) Vyashtisamanstih 16) Yaavadunam Vedic Maths can be divided into sixteen different sutras to perform mathematical operations. Among these surtras the Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra is one of the most highly preferred algorithms for performing multiplication[11-14]. The algorithm is competent enough to be employed for the multiplication of integers as well as binary numbers. The term UrdhwaTiryakbhyam originated from 2 Sanskrit words Urdhwa and Tiryakbhyam which mean vertically and crosswise respectively.The mainadvantage of utilizing this algorithm in comparison with the existing multiplication techniques, is the fact that it utilizes only logical AND operations, half adders and full adders to complete the multiplication operation. Also, the partial products required for multiplication are generated in parallel and apriority to the actual addition thus saving a lot of processing time[15-17]. UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Algorithm Let us consider two eight bit numbers X(7:0) and Y(7:0) , where 7 signify Most Significant Bit and 0 represent Least Significant Bit. P0 to P15 signify each bit of the final computed product. It can be seen from equation (1) to (15), that P0 to P15 are calculated by adding partial products, which are calculated previously using the logical AND operation. The individual bits obtained from equations (1) to equation (15), in turn when concatenated produce the final product of multiplication which is represented in equation (16).The carry bits generated during the computation of the individual bits of the final product are represented from C(1) to C(30). The carry bits generated in (14) and (15) are ignored since they are redundant. Fig 2 : Pictorial Illustration of UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Sutra Graphically exemplifies the step by step procedure of multiplying two eight bit numbers using the Urdhwa Tiryakbyam Vedic Multiplication Sutra[20]. The black circles specify the bits of the multiplier and multiplicand, and the two-way arrows specify the bits to be multiplied in order to arrive at the individual bits of the final product. The hardware architecture of the 88 Urdhwa multiplier has been designed and shown in Fig 2. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Lowest quantum cost DKG Gate A 4 X 4 reversible DKG gate that preserve work singly as a reversible full adder and parallel adder is shown in below fig 5. If input A is zero, the DKG gate performed Full adder operation, and if input A is 1 then reversible logic gate performed Full subtractor operation. It has been confirmed that a reversible full- adder circuit requires at least two or three garbage outputs to make the distinctive[10][19]. output combinations Fig 3: 32 ÃÆ'-32 Vedic multiplier using 16 ÃÆ'- 16 Vedic multiplier Fig 4: 64ÃÆ'- 64 Vedic multiplier using 32x32Vedic multiplier V. DESIGN OF ADDERUSING Fig. 5a DKG gate Fig. 5b Parallel adder using DKG gate AccumulatorStage: Accumulator has an significant role in the DSP applications in different ranges. The register designed REVERSIBLE LOGICDKGGATE in the accumulator is used to add the multiplied Reversible logic is a distinct method diverse from other logic). Loss of information is not probable numbers. Multiplier, adder and an accumulator are forming the vital establishment for the MAC unit. The conventional MAC unit has a multiplic and and here. In this logic, the numbers of outputs are identical multiplier to do the basic multiplication and some to the number of inputs. General consideration for reversible logicgate parallel adders to add the partial products generated in  the previous step. To get the final multiplication output A Boolean function is reversible if and only if  we add the partial product to these results. Vedic all the values in the input set can be mapped with a single value in the output position. Landauer and Multiplier has put forward to intensify the action of the MAC Unit. Bennet both demonstrated that conventional irreversible circuits will  the usage of construct us to VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION power dissipation a circuit consisting of only reversible gates does not dissipate power. The following points necessity be reserved in mind to realize an optimized circuit: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Loops are not authorized à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Minimum delay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Zero energy dissipation Fig 6: RTL Schematic of MAC Unit à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Fan-out is not authorized The modified 64 bit  multiplier using Vedic à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Garbage outputs must be small  multiplier and DKG adder is fast and design of MAC done using Xilinx. The above fig 7shows comparison between Verilog code using Xilinx. The below fig 6 shows the RTL Schematic of the proposed design. Logic Utilization 70000 No.of Slice FlipFlops 60000 No.of 4 input LUTs 50000 MAC design unit using different Adders. The number of LUTs and utilization of logic blocks in MAC design using CSA, RCA, KSA will be greater than DKG and speed is also more in MAC design using DKG. But it will take more area. Compare to array multipliers, baugh wooley multipliers and booths multipliers Vedic multipliers requires less area and performs operations at high speed. The below fig 8 shows the statistics results of MAC design Vedic Multiplier with different adders. In which DKG Adders has moderate delay. But it consumes very less power and it can be designed in small area. 40000 Number of occupied Slices Number of Slices containing only related logic 1000 900 800 30000 20000 10000 Number of Slices containing unrelated logic Total Number of 4 input LUTs Number used as logic Number used as Shift Registers 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 MAC Design using RCA MAC Design using CSA MAC Design using KSA MAC Design using DKG 0 Number of nonded 0 IOBs Number of BUFGMUXs Average Fanout of non-Clock Nets Fig7: Synthesis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates Fig8: Delay Analysis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates in table 2. By Combining the Vedic and reversible logic will direct to new and competent attainments in developing various fields of digital signal processing Applications. Fig 9: Simulation result of Adder The above fig 9 shows that simulation result of DKG adder. It is a 32 bit adder. In this design we used two 64 bit adders. This adder has two inputs a and b ,two outputs sum and carry. For adder a =19997091 and b= 0001fffdapplied.Which results sum is 0199b708e and carry is 0. Fig 10: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit The above fig 10 shows the simulation result of 64 bit MAC design unit. For this design we applied two inputs. In which values are a=12345678 and b=78945612 and it will give result of 55bed11b057ec60. Fig 11: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit on FPGA CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The results of this proposed 64 bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam Vedic multiplier with DKG adder are quite good. Design of MAC unit structure and its performance has been scrutinize for all the blocks. Therefore, the 64-bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra Multiplier and reversible logic is the best in all aspects like speed power product ,delay, area and complication as compared to all other architectures which are shown

Acceptance of the Homosexual Lifestyle: An Evaluation and Comparison be

Acceptance of the Homosexual Lifestyle: An Evaluation and Comparison between the United States and Other Locations The idea of homosexual behavior has created a number of responses worldwide. Currently, the United States has many levels of acceptance of homosexuality. There are places on this earth that have the same outlook as the United States, and there are places that are completely opposite. By looking at these different perspectives, the public could obtain some valuable points in the battle of acceptance. My objective is to give these old ideas a new audience, to show the wide range of acceptance throughout the world, and to compare the United States and other nations challenged to acknowledge a different lifestyle. There are countries that have the same or a similar variety of reactions that are known in the U.S., such as Canada. There are supporters, but there are also many people who reject the homosexual lifestyle. One extreme to the acceptance of gays was illustrated when a Canadian politician made a comment about making homosexuality illegal. The National Post described the public reaction to this blaring comment, â€Å"you could almost hear the collective coast-to-coast gasp of horror† (Kay, 2003, p.A18). Even though this is one politicians belief, the Canadian mass media and market advertising try to make the gay lifestyle look as normal as heterosexual life. If they could fully succeed, it could be considered the, â€Å"greatest PR triumph in history† (Kay, 2003, p.A18). However, like the United States, many citizens of Canada are hesitant to give in. They’re hesitant because this lifestyle is so different. Also, it isn’t in compliance with the Bible. Many families of homosexuals don’t support them; the publ... ...homosexuality. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. Morrison, J. (2004). Man's face slashed in King East bar; Hate crimes unit asked to investigate savage 2 a.m. attack. The Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved May 12, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis database on the World Wide Web: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe PR Newswire.(2004, February 23). PlanetOut Partners Launches Families Channel on Gay.com and PlanetOut.com. Retrieved May, 12, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis database on the World Wide Web: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe Stanard, A. (2004, April 10). Gay tourist find acceptance in Buenos Aires: Peso devaluation makes cultured city affordable. The Associated Press. Retrieved April 28, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis database on the World Wide Web: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe Watanabe, T. & Iwata, J. (1989). Love of the Samuri. GMP Publishers Ltd. London.

Respiratory Diseases :: Nursing

Respiratory Diseases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Respiration is the process of taking in and using oxygen. There are three different phases of respiration: external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. External respiration is the intake of oxygen from the environment and the release of carbon dioxide. In internal respiration, oxygen is carried to the cells and carbon dioxide is carried away from the cells. In cellular respiration, oxygen is used in chemical reactions within the cells. Some Diseases of the respiratory system are: bronchial asthma, the common cold, and diphtheria. Bronchial asthma is a disease in which the bronchial passages are made smaller and swelling of the mucous lining causes blockage of breathing, usually due to dust, animal fur or feathers, or pollen. Many people have asthma which is caused by allergies, called extrinsic asthma, usually suffer from hay fever. Non allergic asthma, which adults usually have, is called intrinsic asthma. Intrinsic asthma is usually caused by respiratory infections and emotional upsets. A typical asthma attack begins with coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Some people have dry coughing as the only symptom. Attacks usually last only a couple hours. An attack may happen again in hours to even years after the first attack. Asthma attacks can be treated and prevented by the use of drugs. Albuterol or terbutaline, which can bring relief within minutes, is the usual treatment. The common cold is another disease of the respiratory system. The cold affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It causes nasal congestion, sore throat, and coughing. A cold usually lasts up to an average of seven days. There is no known cure for the common cold yet. Diphtheria is another respiratory disease that, most of the time, affects

Scholasticism

Scholasticism is derived from the word â€Å"scholasticus† which denotes â€Å"that belongs to the school. † This term refers to the â€Å"school of philosophy† that were instructed by the â€Å"academics or schoolmen of the medieval universities between the periods of 1100 to 1500. † The â€Å"medieval Christian theology and the ancient classical philosophy† were brought back together by scholasticism (Webster’s online dictionary, 2008, â€Å"Scholasticism†). The definition of scholasticism is not generally based on a particular belief or principle but more of a method and a system for the academics that focused on dialectical reasoning. To provide answers to philosophical questions and to reconcile conflicts are the main objectives of scholasticism (Truner, 1912, â€Å"Scholasticism†). â€Å"Logic, metaphysics and semantics† were included in the study of scholasticism which had been considered as major factors in the advancement of knowledge about logic. More so, â€Å"philosophy of nature, psychology, epistemology and philosophy of science† were deemed significant elements for inquisitions. Most scholastics read books as part of their â€Å"basic course literature† in every discipline that was usually written by auctors who were famous scholars. Reading is a method of the study that ensured aspiring scholars to become learned individuals. Through this process, scholars have developed a sense of appreciation for the â€Å"theories of the auctor. † As a result, the problems tackled throughout the whole discipline were dealt with by the scholars in a critical and confident manner. However, scholastic works usually â€Å"have tendencies to take the form of a long list of â€Å"footnotes† to the works studied, not being able to take a stand as theories on their own† (Truner, 1912, â€Å"Scholasticism†). According to Gerard Defaux, criticisms on scholasticism are rooted on scholasticism’s closed attachment to Aristotelian dialectic and philosophy that were used in the formulation of concepts and methodologies which were evident in biblical commentaries and Christian doctrine. Because of the immense â€Å"audacity in the domain of speculative theology and superior rationalism and intellectualism of scholasticism,† pagan philosophy had prevailed over â€Å"intelligence of faith† (Defaux, 1995, p. 1017).